The John Newbery Medal is awarded to the author of the most distinguished children's book each year. The books must have been first published by an American publisher in the United States during the previous year. The books can not have been published in a another country prior to the United States. The author must be an American citizen or resident in the United States. The books must be of excellent quality, and being awarded this metal guarantees that this book will remain in print forever. Books that are nominated, but do not win are given an Honor label.

The Randolph Caldecott Medal is awarded to the illustrator of the most distinguished children's book each year. The books must have been first published in the United States, not another country, in the year previous to its nomination. The illustrations in the children's book have to be original to the author and the book itself. The author must be an American citizen or resident. Books that are nominated are noted for significant achievement and will remain in print forever. Books that are nominated but do not win are given an Honor label.

These awards cover the two basic elements of children's books: content and illustrations. There is no way to say that one award is better than the other. Especially for young readers, the illustrations in a book are just as important as the text.